Spas, Hot Tubs, and Whirlpool Bathtubs
A Guide for Disease Prevention
by Matthew R. Freije

hcinfo.com

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Contents 
About the author 
Price, ordering

Special report - July 2000 - Approximately 29 pages

"I believe that this is a well written document that is easy to read and follow by anyone. It provides an excellent review on the state of knowledge on pool sanitation." Charles P. Gerba, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

Contents  

Distinguishing among spas, hot tubs, and whirlpool baths

Associated illness

Precautions for whirlpool bathtubs

Recommendations for spas and hot tubs

• Overview of disinfection
• Disinfectant levels and other parameters (chlorine, bromine, total chlorine, pH, total alkalinity, chlorine stabilizer, hardness, total dissolved solids, oxidation reduction potential)
• Chemical monitoring and dosing
• Precautions in handling chemicals
• Draining and cleaning
• Filters
• Shock treatment
• Bacterial monitoring
• Other recommendations

Avoiding contamination from public spas and baths

• Public spas and baths
• Displays at stores and trade shows

References

Appendix

• Associations
• Magazines and web sites
• Automatic dosing and monitoring equipment
• Test kits for spa water
• Whirlpool bathtub cleaning equipment and products

Tables

• Organisms found in spas
• Effectiveness of chlorine and bromine relative to pH
• Suggested bacteria limits
• Common spa problems

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About the author

Matthew R. Freije earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Purdue University. He reviews published research and screens marketed products and services to provide practical solutions to water problems. Freije provides consulting services related to Legionella and other waterborne pathogens to hospitals and industry, and also provides litigation support and expert testimony. His book Legionellae Control in Health Care Facilities: A Guide for Minimizing Risk, a 1997 award finalist, has been fully reviewed or highlighted in more than 50 professional journals, and has sold in 25 countries. Freije is the author of several articles, has served as a guest speaker for professional societies, and is the editor of Legionella E-news, an international newsletter that covers outbreaks and new technology. He is a member of the American Society of Plumbing Engineers and of the Water Quality Association. Freije welcomes feedback on this report, especially suggestions for improvement. Please e-mail comments to mf@hcinfo.com.  

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Price and ordering information

Paper version, Item 311, ISBN 1-930488-11-4, $25 SOLD OUT. PLEASE USE  ELECTRONIC VERSION.

Electronic version, Item 311e, $17

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This publication is in PDF format, so you can view it with Adobe Acrobat Reader (if you don't already have Acrobat Reader on your computer, you can download it for free at www.adobe.com). 

You can access the electronic document immediately after you order, or at your convenience within five days after you order. It downloads quickly. You can save it on your computer, and also print it.

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